Features/Meson/Design

Rules.mak has gotten insane, let's get rid of it!

More seriously, the current build system causes clutter in the toplevel Makefiles, and it makes simple tasks harder than they should be. For example, each executable in contrib/ has to touch three files: Makefile, Makefile.objs and contrib/*/Makefile.objs.

Meson has several advantages that directly matter for QEMU including the following:

• build definitions in a very readable and user friendly DSL, which supports looping and conditions
• ability to introspect the build definitions so that you can find out what is built without building it (the DSL is not Turing complete and most objects in it are immutable, so it cannot be abused that much :))
• support for a non-recursive build from per-subdirectory input (similar to Makefile.objs)
• strong checking of prerequisites when Meson is run, so that it's usually unnecessary to debug whatever files Meson generates
• ease of distributing a full copy of Meson to support distros that ship an older version (no dependencies apart from Python 3.5).

The transition is designed around the following goals:

• the build system should make it trivial to do trivial things; easy to do things that are a matter of cut-and-paste from something that already exist; possible to do everything else.
• it should remain trivial to do things that used to be trivial, and most "make" invocations should be kept the same at least until everything is converted (and we can perhaps declare a flag day). It should not become harder to do things that are a matter of cut-and-paste.
• it should be possible to modify meson.build without knowing QEMU specific details, and that should be already possible now at the beginning of the transition (to avoid creating technical debt). This means keeping the magic confined in Makefile rules and external scripts, while having a pretty plain meson.build.

A PoC was posted in June 2019. It includes a program called "ninjatool" that replaces ninja for the few cases where meson invokes it directly (ninja -t compdb, ninja -t clean) and that also is able to convert build.ninja files to Make syntax. Because of this, it is trivial to have make build products that depend on meson build products. Therefore bottom up is the natural direction for the conversion.

This fits in a generic plan to drop Makefile magic in favor of build rule generators written in high-level languages. For example, in order to keep make check-like rules working, we could generate Makefile rules from the output of meson introspect --tests. This, together with the use of ninja2make also gives us an escape mechanism in case we want to do something that Meson cannot (yet) do, or doesn't do the way we want it.

The alternative of having two parallel build systems was rejected. This would introduce extra work for people not involved in the conversion, and the risk of bitrotting one of the two build systems is large.

Issues

Meson

Included in 0.51.0:

• Support a NINJA environment variable
• Kconfig Module (still named "unstable-kconfig", should be stabilized before QEMU switches to meson)
• new module "sourceset" to match source file lists against configuration data
• Script found by find_program() does not end up in dependencies
• do not include host environment in test/benchmark introspection data

Included in 0.52.0:

• Ugly command lines for custom targets with capture.
• vs_module_defs for modules
• Allow kconfig to read from built files
• all_dependencies method for sourceset
• configure_file(): Allow multiple inputs in command mode
• mtest: TAP: ignore unhandled input lines
• environment: Support taking values from dict
• Add depfile to configure_file()

Included for 0.53.0:

• Add tags targets
• mintro: include test protocol in introspection data

Planned:

• python: add automatic dependency tracking for scripts

Others:

• Do we need to know where our modules end up in the build dir, to be able to have a working dev version of QEMU?
• Target file name must not contain a path separator - makes it impossible to generate e.g. audio/trace.h. Ideas:
  • add something that behaves like "generator()" but generates custom_targets
  • generate files like trace/trace-audio.h and add one-line forwarding header files so that we can keep the #include "trace.h" idiom.
• wrap python programs to generate dependencies automatically?

QEMU

• Deprecate in-tree build? Meson only supports out-of-tree.

Coding style

• Libraries (static or found with cc.find_library) should be named libfoo.
• Dependencies (defined with either dependency or declare_dependency should not have the lib prefix.
• Sourcesets should be named foo_ss.
• Do not use disablers.
• Do not use dependency unless you are able to remove the corresponding variable from config-host.h.
• Use files('aa', 'bb'), not files('''aaa bbb'''.split())

Status

• PoC: https://patchew.org/QEMU/1562775267-1222-1-git-send-email-pbonzini@redhat.com/
  • converted libqemuutil.a, trace, QAPI
  • converted some of contrib/
• Next PoC status (see above for pending Meson pull requests):
  • (done, merged) make TCG tests independent of Makefile.target
  • (done, posted) commonize code for modules
  • (done) consistent coding style
  • (done) converted qemu-ga
  • (done) converted remaining contrib/ and tools
  • (done) support ui/audio/block module bulding
  • (done) conversion of emulators
  • (done) extract changes that are independent of the conversion to separate patches
  • (done) move scripts/create_config invocation from rules.mak to meson
  • (done) create windowed/console variants of Windows executables
  • (done) Generate .stp files from Meson.
  • (done) ship Meson as a submodule (https://github.com/elmarco/qemu/commit/1d3dd77a894ec7a94f5bf0cb2c5956dd840c3741)
  • (done) use new Meson 0.53 feature: Dictionary entry using string variable as key
• Before merging:
  • (done) Makefile.ninja rebuild rules are trigger-happy
  • (in progress) rebase to a newer version of QEMU (will do after fixing triggering of reconfigure rules)
  • Paolo: support Meson tests in make check (see here; Meson suite unit goes into the Make check-unit targetf
  • figure out source reorganizations that can be done separately (possibly during 5.0).
• After merging:
  • convert tests (done, except tcg/vm/docker)
  • convert installation of data files (done)
  • convert dtc (https://www.spinics.net/lists/devicetree-compiler/msg02815.html)
  • handle submodules from meson (switch to subproject() if possible)
  • make docker, vm & check-tcg standalone
  • convert pc-bios/*/Makefile (done)
  • convert configure tests